Consumer organisation Which? has issued energy efficiency guidance for private landlords, authored by consumer writer Ceri Stanaway.

She explains how the Domestic Minimum Energy Efficiency Standard (MEES) Regulations apply to private rented accommodation. The main consideration for private landlords is that rental properties will be required to have an EPC rating of C or better by October 1, 2030, but there are exemptions for some properties and situations.

Improving energy efficiency starts with an energy performance assessment. Tenants need at least 24 hours of notice of an EPC assessor’s visit. If the EPC rating is poor, the EPC report will recommend improvements.

The energy efficiency improvements that make the most difference to raising the EPC rating are insulation, double glazing, heat pumps and solar panels.

Other energy-related improvements to consider are draught proofing, LED light bulbs and a smart meter.

The government does not expect landlords to spend an excessive amount on energy improvements, and financial help is available. If improving a property will cost over £10,000, the landlord can apply for a high-cost exemption. Low- and no-interest loans under the Warm Homes Plan are available for both homeowners and landlords. The Boiler Upgrade Scheme helps to finance the replacement of boilers with more efficient heat pumps.

The Which? home energy planning tool offers suggestions for energy improvements based on property size, type, location, size and age.

After energy improvements have been made, landlords are required to maintain heating systems to ensure they continue to operate efficiently.